Leichtflüchtige ECD-aktive Verbindungen in der marinen Grundschicht (MBL) des Atlantischen Ozeans: Vorkommen, Quellen und Verteilung

Abstract

An overview of the state of research for ECDactive compounds in the marine environment is given, including a review on possible formation paths of halogenated compounds by marine algae, terrestrial fungi, and other organisms. A method optimized for sampling and analysis of a maximum of volatile halocarbons is applied on air and seawater samples and laboratory emissions of algae. Emission patterns of Californian algae revealed trihalomethanes, halogenated nitriles and acetones, and monohaloalkanes. First evidence is given for alkyl nitrates to form in marine plants. Numerous ECD-active compounds were found in air and seawater samples from three missions with PFS Polarstern. This is the first survey to cover all volatile halocarbons and alkyl nitrates yet reported in marine air. Found for the first time as Atlantic air traces: CFC-112, HCFC-21, HCFC-123, HCFC-141, Dibromodifluoromethane, Halon-1112, 1- and 2-Chloropropane, 2-Chlorobutane, 1,2-Dichloropropane, cis-1,2-Dichloroethene, 2,2-M1C3-Nitrate, 2-Bromopropane, 2-Bromo-2-methylpropane, 1- and 2-Bromobutane, 1-Bromo-2,2-dimethylpropane, 1-Bromo-1-chloroethane, Bromotrichloromethane, Iodoethane, 1- and 2-Iodopropane, 1- and 2-Iodobutane, 1-Iodo-2-methylpropane, cis-1,2-Dibromoethene, Cyanogen Chloride and Bromide, Chloro- , Dichloro- and Bromoacetonitrile, Chloroacetaldehyde, Chloroacetone, 1,1-Dichloroacetone, and Bromoacetone. Found for the first time in Atlantic seawater: CFC-13, HCFC-141, HCFC-21, HCFC-123, HCFC-141b, HCFC-142b, Halon-1301, Dibromodifluormethane, Halon-1211, 1,1,1-Trichloroethane, Trichloroethene, Tetrachloroethene, 1C3-Nitrate, 2C3-Nitrate, and Iodoethane. A homologous series in air was proven to exist not only for alkyl nitrates, but also for chloro-, bromo- and iodoalkanes. The patterns in air and water imply a link between homologous series of monohalogenated compounds and alkyl nitrates. Halogenated aldehydes, nitriles and acetones are shown to be ubiquitous in the marine boundary layer.