Nächtliche Hypoxämie und Höhensymptomatik während einer Ausbildungsexpedition in den peruanischen Anden
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Date
2026-01-16
Authors
Brockmann, Benno
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Abstract
Die Akute Bergkrankheit (AMS, acute mountain sickness) wird durch Hypoxie in großer Höhe ausgelöst und kann in das potenziell tödliche Krankheitsbild des Höhenhirnödems übergehen. Ihre Inzidenz steigt mit zunehmender Höhe und ist eng verbunden mit der Geschwindigkeit der Höhenzunahme. Trotz zahlreicher Studien konnten jedoch bisher keine prädiktiven Faktoren ermittelt werden, die eine Früherkennung ermöglichen. In der Vorstudie konnte erstmalig bei Höhenbergsteigern eine circadiane Rhythmik der arteriellen Sauerstoffsättigung (SpO2) beschrieben werden. Manche Autoren sehen den nächtlichen Abfall der SpO2 als klinisch bedeutsamer für die Entwicklung der AMS als Entsättigungen während des Tages. Um diese Rhythmik und den vermuteten Zusammenhang zwischen nächtlichem SpO2-Verlauf und der Leistungsfähigkeit näher zu erforschen, erhoben wir während einer 20-tägigen Ausbildungsexpedition in den peruanischen Anden in Höhen von bis zu 6025 m an elf Bergsteigern kontinuierlich nächtliche SpO2-Werte. Durch die Methode der kontinuierlichen SpO2-Messung konnten pro Teilnehmer bis zu 129.000 Einzelmessungen in die Auswertung eingeschlossen werden. Dies ermöglichte eine genaue und sehr detaillierte Darstellung des nächtlichen SpO2- Verlaufs in großer Höhe. Allerdings ist aufgrund der großen Datenmenge die Einzelfallanalyse jedoch äußert aufwendig und kaum durchführbar unter Realbedingungen. Diese erscheint jedoch notwendig, da Störungen des Schlafs in großer Höhe durch Toilettengänge, Periodische Atmung oder andere den alpinen Umständen geschuldete Ursachen häufig sind und sich prinzipiell auf die SpO2 auswirken. Wir entwickelten einen Algorithmus zur Identifikation von Phasen mit relevanten Wachheitsereignissen und konnten so mögliche Veränderungen durch einen Datenausschluss quantifizieren. Es zeigte sich allerdings im Vergleich zur Rohdatenanalyse lediglich eine Differenz von 0,3 %-Punkten, die deutlich unter der Messgenauigkeit der Pulsoxymeter (2 %) liegt. Wir konnten damit zeigen, dass bei der kontinuierlichen SpO2-Messung entgegen bisherigen Vermutungen keine Datenselektion notwendig ist. Gerätefehler und offensichtliche Fehlmessungen müssen dennoch ausgeschlossen werden. Wir sehen darin eine essenzielle Erkenntnis, da dies folgenden Forschungen eine vereinfachte und praxisnahe Auswertung erhobener Daten ermöglicht. Auch wenn wir bei der kleinen Anzahl an Probanden keinen Zusammenhang zwischen dem nächtlichen SpO2-Verlauf und der Leistungsfähigkeit bzw. Entwicklung der AMS zeigen konnten, sehen wir eine große Chance zur weiteren Forschung in der zunehmenden Verbreitung von Sportuhren mit SpO2-Messungen. Für bisherige Forschung, bei der mit solchen Sportuhren kontinuierlich die SpO2 ohne weitere Selektion aufgezeichnet wurde, können wir die Daten durch unsere Arbeit als valide bestätigen. Dies ermöglicht es in den nächsten Jahren Messdaten von große Probandengruppen zu erheben und unmittelbar ohne aufwendige Datenverarbeitung auszuwerten. Wir können die Ergebnisse der Vorstudie in Bezug auf die circadiane Rhythmik der SpO2 bestätigen. In 86,7 % der Nächte stieg die SpO2 von erster zu zweiter Nachthälfte an (Max +3,9 %-Punkte). Auch der Zeitpunkt des niedrigsten SpO2 Mittelwertes war in dieser Studie sehr ähnlich. In 76,8 % der Nächte lag der niedrigste Mittelwert in der ersten Nachthälfte. (22.00–00.00 Uhr: 43,3 %, 00.00–02.00 Uhr: 33,5 %). Während des Zeitraums der Expedition wurde ein Anstieg der SpO2 durch Akklimatisation gezeigt, die auch nach 20 Tagen wahrscheinlich noch nicht abgeschlossen war. (1. Nachthälfte +4,7 %-Punkte, 2. Nachthälfte +3,9 %- Punkte). Weiter zeigen unsere Ergebnisse eindrücklich, dass die Schwere der Hypoxie während des Schlafs deutlich ausgeprägter ist als bisher durch Einzelmessungen am Morgen nach dem Aufstehen beschrieben wurde. Einzelmessungen in Wachheit waren +4,9 %-Punkte höher (Min –1,7 %-Punkte, Max 12,8 %-Punkte) als die Mittelwerte der letzten beiden Stunden Schlaf. Der niedrigste zweistündige SpO2- Mittelwert eines Teilnehmers betrug 63,1 % (Min 57 %, Max 73 %) in einer Höhe von 4600 m. Bisherige Studien zeigten bei bestmöglich an die Höhe angepassten Menschen tagsüber SpO2-Werte über der Schwelle der Erythropoetinstimulation. Unsere Studie liefert mit den nächtlichen Entsättigungen eine Erklärung, warum in dieser Gruppe dennoch eine Höhenpolyglobulie beobachtet werden kann.
Somit liefert diese Studie einen wesentlichen Beitrag zum besseren Verständnis der nächtlichen Entsättigungen in großer Höhe. Wir konnten die zwingende Notwendigkeit kontinuierlicher Messungen bestätigen und geben anwendungsnahe Erkenntnisse für künftige Studien.
Acute mountain sickness (AMS) is caused by hypoxia at high altitudes and can develop into the potentially fatal condition of high altitude cerebral edema. Its incidence increases with altitude and is closely related to the rate of ascent. Despite numerous studies, however, no predictive factors have yet been identified that would enable early detection. In a preliminary study, a circadian rhythm of arterial oxygen saturation (SpO2) was described for the first time in high-altitude mountaineers. Some authors consider the nocturnal drop in SpO2 to be clinically more significant for the development of AMS than desaturation during the day. In order to investigate this rhythm and the suspected connection between nocturnal SpO2 progression and performance in more detail, we continuously recorded nocturnal SpO2 values in eleven mountaineers during a 20-day training expedition in the Peruvian Andes at altitudes of up to 6025 m. Using the method of continuous SpO2 measurement, up to 129,000 individual measurements per participant could be included in the evaluation.This enabled an accurate and very detailed representation of the nocturnal SpO2 curve at high altitude. However, due to the large amount of data, individual case analysis is extremely time-consuming and hardly feasible under real conditions. Nevertheless, this appears necessary, as sleep disturbances at high altitude due to toilet visits, periodic breathing, or other causes related to alpine conditions are common and generally affect SpO2. We developed an algorithm to identify phases with relevant wakefulness events and were thus able to quantify possible changes by excluding data. However, compared to the raw data analysis, there was only a difference of 0.3 percentage points, which is significantly below the measurement accuracy of pulse oximeters (2%). We were thus able to show that, contrary to previous assumptions, no data selection is necessary for continuous SpO2 measurement. Device errors and obvious measurement errors must nevertheless be excluded. We consider this to be an essential finding, as it enables simplified and practical evaluation of collected data in subsequent research. Even though we were unable to demonstrate a correlation between nocturnal SpO2 levels and performance or the development of AMS in the small number of test subjects, we see great potential for further research in the increasing prevalence of sports watches with SpO2 measurements. Our work confirms the validity of previous research in which SpO2 was continuously recorded with such sports watches without further selection. This will make it possible to collect measurement data from large groups of subjects in the coming years and evaluate it immediately without time-consuming data processing. We can confirm the results of the preliminary study with regard to the circadian rhythm of SpO2. In 86.7% of nights, SpO2 increased from the first to the second half of the night (max +3.9 percentage points). The time of the lowest SpO2 mean value was also very similar in this study. In 76.8% of nights, the lowest mean value was in the first half of the night. (10 p.m.–midnight: 43.3%, midnight–2 a.m.: 33.5%). During the expedition period, an increase in SpO2 was demonstrated due to acclimatization, which was probably not yet complete even after 20 days. (first half of the night +4.7 percentage points, second half of the night +3.9 percentage points). Furthermore, our results clearly show that the severity of hypoxia during sleep is significantly more pronounced than previously described by individual measurements taken in the morning after waking up. Individual measurements while awake were +4.9 percentage points higher (min. –1.7 percentage points, max. 12.8 percentage points) than the average values for the last two hours of sleep. The lowest two-hour SpO2 mean value for a participant was 63.1% (min 57%, max 73%) at an altitude of 4600 m. Previous studies have shown SpO2 values above the threshold for erythropoietin stimulation during the day in people who are optimally acclimatized to altitude. Our study provides an explanation for why high-altitude polycythemia can still be observed in this group, based on nocturnal desaturation. This study thus makes a significant contribution to a better understanding of nocturnal desaturation at high altitudes. We were able to confirm the urgent need for continuous measurements and provide application-oriented findings for future studies.
Acute mountain sickness (AMS) is caused by hypoxia at high altitudes and can develop into the potentially fatal condition of high altitude cerebral edema. Its incidence increases with altitude and is closely related to the rate of ascent. Despite numerous studies, however, no predictive factors have yet been identified that would enable early detection. In a preliminary study, a circadian rhythm of arterial oxygen saturation (SpO2) was described for the first time in high-altitude mountaineers. Some authors consider the nocturnal drop in SpO2 to be clinically more significant for the development of AMS than desaturation during the day. In order to investigate this rhythm and the suspected connection between nocturnal SpO2 progression and performance in more detail, we continuously recorded nocturnal SpO2 values in eleven mountaineers during a 20-day training expedition in the Peruvian Andes at altitudes of up to 6025 m. Using the method of continuous SpO2 measurement, up to 129,000 individual measurements per participant could be included in the evaluation.This enabled an accurate and very detailed representation of the nocturnal SpO2 curve at high altitude. However, due to the large amount of data, individual case analysis is extremely time-consuming and hardly feasible under real conditions. Nevertheless, this appears necessary, as sleep disturbances at high altitude due to toilet visits, periodic breathing, or other causes related to alpine conditions are common and generally affect SpO2. We developed an algorithm to identify phases with relevant wakefulness events and were thus able to quantify possible changes by excluding data. However, compared to the raw data analysis, there was only a difference of 0.3 percentage points, which is significantly below the measurement accuracy of pulse oximeters (2%). We were thus able to show that, contrary to previous assumptions, no data selection is necessary for continuous SpO2 measurement. Device errors and obvious measurement errors must nevertheless be excluded. We consider this to be an essential finding, as it enables simplified and practical evaluation of collected data in subsequent research. Even though we were unable to demonstrate a correlation between nocturnal SpO2 levels and performance or the development of AMS in the small number of test subjects, we see great potential for further research in the increasing prevalence of sports watches with SpO2 measurements. Our work confirms the validity of previous research in which SpO2 was continuously recorded with such sports watches without further selection. This will make it possible to collect measurement data from large groups of subjects in the coming years and evaluate it immediately without time-consuming data processing. We can confirm the results of the preliminary study with regard to the circadian rhythm of SpO2. In 86.7% of nights, SpO2 increased from the first to the second half of the night (max +3.9 percentage points). The time of the lowest SpO2 mean value was also very similar in this study. In 76.8% of nights, the lowest mean value was in the first half of the night. (10 p.m.–midnight: 43.3%, midnight–2 a.m.: 33.5%). During the expedition period, an increase in SpO2 was demonstrated due to acclimatization, which was probably not yet complete even after 20 days. (first half of the night +4.7 percentage points, second half of the night +3.9 percentage points). Furthermore, our results clearly show that the severity of hypoxia during sleep is significantly more pronounced than previously described by individual measurements taken in the morning after waking up. Individual measurements while awake were +4.9 percentage points higher (min. –1.7 percentage points, max. 12.8 percentage points) than the average values for the last two hours of sleep. The lowest two-hour SpO2 mean value for a participant was 63.1% (min 57%, max 73%) at an altitude of 4600 m. Previous studies have shown SpO2 values above the threshold for erythropoietin stimulation during the day in people who are optimally acclimatized to altitude. Our study provides an explanation for why high-altitude polycythemia can still be observed in this group, based on nocturnal desaturation. This study thus makes a significant contribution to a better understanding of nocturnal desaturation at high altitudes. We were able to confirm the urgent need for continuous measurements and provide application-oriented findings for future studies.
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Medizinische Fakultät
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DFG Project uulm
EU Project uulm
Other projects uulm
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CC BY 4.0 International
